英语词根前缀后缀

1 前缀

1.1 A

a-/an-

forms adjectives which have 'not', 'without', or 'opposite' in their meaning. For example, atypical behaviour is not typical of someone.

a-/an-

加强意义, e.g aloud, aright.

a-

in, on, at, by, with, to; For example, asleep, aside.

aero-

forms word, especially nouns, that refer to things or activities connected with air or movement through the air. For example, an aeroplane is a vehicle which flies through the air.

astro-

is used to form words which refer to things relating to the stars or to outer space. For example, an astronaut is a person who travels in space.

anti-

forms nouns and adjectives which refer to some sort of opposition. For example, an antigovernment demonstration is a demonstration against the government.

auto-

forms words which refer to someone doing something to, for, or about themselves. For example, your autobiography is an account of your life, which you write yourself.

1.2 B

be-

can be added to a noun followed by an '-ed' suffix to form an adective that indicates that a person is covered with or wearing the thing named. For example, person who is bespectacled' is wearing spectacles.

bi-

forms nouns and adjectives which have 'two' as part of their meaning. For example, if someone is bilingual, they speak two languages.

bi-

also forms adjectives and adverbs which refer to something happening twice in a period of time, or once in two consecutive periods of time. A bimonthly event happens twice a month, or once every two months.

bio-

is used at the beginning of nouns and adjectives that refer to life or to the study of living things. For example, a biography is a book about someone's life.

1.3 C

co-

forms verbs and nouns which refer to people sharing things or dong things together. For example, if two people co-write a book, they write it together. The co-author of a book is one of the people who has written it.

counter-

forms words which refer to actions or activities that oppose another action or activity. For example, a counter-measure is an action you take to weaken the effect of another action or situation.

1.4 D

de-

is added to some verbs to make verbs which mean the opposite. For example, to deactivate a mechanism means to switch it off so that it cannot work.

demi-

is used at the beginning of some words to refer to something equivalent to half of the object or amount indicated by the rest of the word. For example, a demigod is a god which is half god and half human.

dis-

can be added to some words to form words which have the opposite meaning. For example, if someone is dishonest, they are not honest.

1.5 E

e-

is used to form words that indicate that somethings happens on or uses the internet. 'e-' is an abbreviation for 'electronic'. For example, e-business' is the buying, selling, and ordering of goods and services using the internet.

eco-

forms nouns and adjectives which refer to something related to the environment. For example, 'eco-friendly' products do not harm the environment.

em-

is a form of 'en-' that is used before 'b-', 'm-' and 'p-'. See 'en'.

en-

is added to words to form verbs that describe the process of putting someone into a particular state, condition or place, or to form adjectives and nouns that describe that process or those states and conditions. For example, if you 'endanger' someone or something, you put them in a situation where they might be harmed or destroyed.

Euro-

is used to form words that describe or refer to something which is connected with Europe or with the European Union. For example, if you disapprove of it because it focuses on Europe and needs of European people, often with the result that people in other parts of the world suffer in some way.

ex-

forms words which refer to people who are no longer a particular thing. For example, an ex-policeman is someone who is no longer a policeman.

extra-

forms adjectives which refer to something being outside or beyond something else. For example, Britain's 'extra-European' commitments are its commitments outside Europe.

extra-

also forms adjectives which refer to something having a large amount of a particular quality. For example, if something is extra-strong, it is very strong.

1.6 G

geo-

is used at the beginning of words that refer to the whole of the world or to the Earth's surface. For example, geology is the study of the Earth's structure, surface, and origins.

great-

is used before some nouns that refer to relatives. Nouns formed in this way refer to a relative who is a further generation away from you. For example, your great-aunt is the aunt of your parents.

1.7 H

hyper-

forms adjectives which refer to people or things which have a large amount of, or too much of a particular quality. For example, hyperinflation is very extreme inflation.

1.8 I

il-, im-, in-, ir-

can be added to some words to form words which have the opposite meaning . For example, if an activity is illegal, it is not legal. If someone is impatient, they are not patient.

inter-

forms adjectives which refer to things that move, exist, or happen between two or more people or things. For example, inter-city trains travel between cities.

1.9 k

kilo-

forms words which refer to things which have a thousand parts. For example, a kilometer is a thousand meters.

1.10 M

macro-

is added to words in order to form new words that are technical and that refer to things which are large or involve the whole of something. For example macroeconomic means relating to the major, general features of a country's economy, such as the level of inflation or unemployment.

mal-

forms words which refer to things that are bad or unpleasant, or that are unsuccessful or imperfect. For example, if a machine malfunctions, it does not work properly.

mega-

forms word which refer to units which are a million times bigger. For example, a megawatt is a million watts.

micro-

forms nouns which have 'small' as part of their meaning. For example, a micro-organism is a very small living thing that you cannot see with the naked eye.

mid-

forms nouns and adjectives which refer to the middle part of a particular period of time, or the middle part of a particular place. For example, mid-June is the middle of June.

milli-

forms nouns which refer to units which are a thousand times smaller. For example, a millimeter is a thousandth of a meter.

mini-

forms nouns which refer to things which are a smaller version of something else. For example, a minibus is a small bus.

mis-

forms verbs and nouns which refer to something being done badly or wrongly. For example, if you miscalculate a figure, you wrongly calculate it.

mono-

forms nouns and adjectives which have 'one' or 'single' as part of their meaning. For example, monogamy is the custom of being married to only one person.

multi-

forms adjectives which refer to something that consists of many things of a particular kind. For example, a multi-colored object has many different colors.

1.11 N

narco-

is added to words to form new words that relate to illegal narcotics. For example, a nacro-trafficker is a person who illegally buys or sells narcotics.

neo-

forms nouns and adjectives which refer to modern versions or styles and particular groups of the past. For example, neo-classical architecture is based on ancient Greek or Roman architecture.

neuro-

is used to form words that refer to or relate to a nerve or the nervous system. For example, neurology is the study of the structure, function, and diseases of the nervous system.

non-

forms nouns and adjectives which refer to people or things that do not have a particular quality or characteristic. For example, a non-smoker does not smoke. A non-fatal accident is not fatal.

1.12 O

out-

forms verbs which refer to an action as being done better by one person than by another. For example, if you can outswim someone, you can swim further or faster than they can.

over-

forms words which refer to a quality of action that exists or is done to too great an extent. For example, if someone is being over-caution, they are being too cautious.

1.13 P

pan-

is added to the beginning of adjectives and nouns to form other adjectives and nouns that describe something as being connected with all places or people of a particular kind. For example, a pandemic is an occurrence of a disease that affects many people over a very wide area.

para-

forms nouns and adjectives which refer to people or things which are similar to other things. For example, a paramilitary organization is organized like an army. A paramedic is a person whose training is similar to that of a nurse and who helps to do medical work.

para-

also forms nouns and adjectives which refer to situations which are unusual or more important than normal. For example, a paranormal event cannot be explained by scientific laws and is thought to involve strange, unknown forces.

part-

forms words which refer to something that is party but not completely a particular thing. For example, part-baked bread is only partly baked.

poly-

forms nouns and adjectives which have 'many' as part of their meaning. For example, a polysyllabic word contains many syllables.

post-

forms words that refer to something that takes place after a particular date, period, or event. For example, a post-Christmas sale takes place just after Christmas.

pre-

forms words that refer to something that takes place before a particular date, period, or place just before an election.

pro-

forms adjectives which refer to people who strongly support a particular person or thing. For example, if you are pro-democracy, you support democracy.

proto-

is used to form adjectives and nouns which indicate that something is in the early stages of its development. For example, a prototype is a new type of machine or device which is not yet ready to be made in large numbers and sold.

pseudo-

forms nouns and adjectives which refer to something which is not really what is seems or claims to be. For example, a pseudo-science is something that claims to be a science, but is not.

psycho-

is added to words in order to form other words which describe or refer to things connected with the mind or with mental processes. For example, a psychoanalyst is someone who treats people who have mental problems.

1.14 R

re-

forms verbs and nouns which refer to an action or process being repeated. For example, if you re-read something, you read it again.

1.15 S

semi-

forms nouns and adjectives which refer to people and things that are partly, but not completely, in a particular state. For example, if you are semi-conscious, you are partly, but not wholly, conscious.

sub-

forms nouns which refer to things that are part of a larger thing. For example, a subcommittee is a small committee made up of members of a larger committee.

super-

forms nouns and adjectives which refer to people and things that are larger, better, or more advanced than others. For example, a super-fit athlete is extremely fit, and a supertanker us a very large tanker.

1.16 T

techno-

is used at the beginning of words that refer to technology. For example, if you refer to someone as a technophobe, you mean that they do not like new technology, such as computers or mobile telephones, and are afraid to use it.

trans-

is used to form adjectives which indicate that something moves or enables travel from one side of an area to another. For example, transatlantic flights go across the Atlantic.

trans-

is also used to form words which indicate that someone or something moves from one group, thing, state or place to another. For example, a bloog transfusion is a process in which bllod is injected into the body of a person who is badly injured or ill.

tri-

forms nouns and adjectives which have 'three' as part of their meaning. For example, a tricycle is a cycle with three wheels.

1.17 U

ultra-

forms adjectives which refer to people and things that possess a quality to a very large degree. For example, an ultra-light fabric is extremely light.

un-

can be added to some words to form words which have the opposite meaning. For example, if something is unacceptable, it is not acceptable.

under-

forms words which refer to an amount or value being too low or not enough. For example, if someone is underweight, their weight is lower that it should be.

1.18 V

vice-

is used before a rank or title to indicate that someone is next in importance to the person who holds the rank or title mentioned. For example, a vice-president is next in importance to the president.

2 后缀

2.1 A

-ability, -ibility

replace '-able' and '-ible' at the end of adjectives to forms nouns which refer to a perticular state or quality. For example, reliability is the state or quality of being reliable.

-able, -ible

forms adjectives which indicate what someone or something can have done to them. For example, if something is readable, it can be read.

-al

forms adjectives which indicate what something is connected with. For example, environmental problems are problems connected with the environment.

-ally

is added to adjectives ending in -ic to form adverbs which indicate how something is done or what something relates to. For example, if something is done enthusiastically, it is done in an enthusiastic way.

-ance, -ence, -ancy, -ency

form nouns which refer to a particular action, state, or quality. For example, brilliance is the state or quality of being brilliant, and reappearance is the action of reappearing.

-ation, -ication, -sion and -tion

form nouns which refer to a state or process, or to an instance of that process. For example, the protection of the environment is the process of protecting it.

3 参见

• 英语常见词根前缀后缀大全. 英语之家. 2005-12-30.